What is Leishmaniasis Disease?
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease caused by infection with Leishmania parasites, which are spread by the bite of infected sand flies.
Where is Leishmaniasis Disease Found?
Leishmaniasis is found in parts of the tropics, subtropics, and southern Europe. The disease is most common in areas of Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Latin America. In the Americas, cases occur from northern Mexico down to South America, including Brazil. In the Eastern Hemisphere, it is widespread in India, Nepal, Sudan, Ethiopia, and the Mediterranean basin.
What are the signs and symptoms?
Signs and symptoms can vary based on the form of leishmaniasis. People may or may not experience signs and symptoms.
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL)
Those who develop symptoms have one or more skin sores, which can change in size and appearance over time. The skin sores usually develop within a few weeks or months of the sand fly bite. The sores are often painless.
Mucosal leishmaniasis (ML)
ML is a form of leishmaniasis that affects the mucous membranes (most commonly the nose, but also the mouth and throat). ML can be a consequence of infection with some of the types of parasites that cause CL in parts of Central and South America and, rarely, other places.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL)
VL is another form of leishmaniasis caused by a small number of Leishmania species. People with VL may develop fever, generalized illness, and anemia (low red blood cells). VL often goes on to affect internal organs (especially the spleen, liver, and bone marrow) and can be life-threatening. People with VL usually become sick within months (though it can be years) of the sand fly bite. If untreated, VL is typically deadly.
What Can I Do to Prevent Infection?
Preventing leishmaniasis primarily involves protecting yourself from sand fly bites. Here are some measures recommended by health authorities:
- Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants when possible
- Use insect repellent on exposed skin.*
- Apply permethrin to clothing and gear such as backpacks
- Choose accommodations with air-conditioning, fans, and screened windows.
*For more tips on selecting effective insect repellents, visit our Malaria information page.
Who is at Risk?
Anyone who lives in or travels to areas where Leishmania parasites are found and is bitten by an infected sand fly can be at risk. The risk is generally higher in rural regions but can also occur on the outskirts of cities. Sand flies are most active from dusk to dawn.
Leishmaniasis is present in approximately 90 countries, primarily in tropical and subtropical climates.
Leishmaniasis in the United States
Most cases diagnosed in the U.S. are from individuals who contracted the disease while traveling or living abroad.
Occasionally, cases of locally acquired cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) occur, particularly in Texas and rarely in other states such as Arizona and Oklahoma. There have been no known cases of acquired visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the U.S.
Where Can I Find a Leishmania Vaccine Near Me?
Currently, there are no vaccines or drugs specifically to prevent leishmaniasis. The most effective way to protect yourself is by following preventive measures against sand fly bites.
Even if you have previously contracted leishmaniasis, reinfection is possible. Therefore, maintaining preventive practices is crucial.
Other Travel Vaccines to Consider
For travelers in Southern Arizona, especially those planning to visit international destinations, additional vaccines may be recommended. Depending on your travel plans, consider immunizations for Chikungunya, Cholera, Japanese Encephalitis, Polio, Rabies, Typhoid Fever, Yellow Fever, and Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE). These vaccines provide protection against diseases you may encounter during your travels. Consult with a travel health professional to ensure you receive the necessary protection for your itinerary.